You can reset the value of the Maximum Shadow Copy Storage space setting using the command:
vssadmin resize shadowstorage /for=<ForVolumeSpec> /on=<OnVolumeSpec> [/maxsize=<MaxSizeSpec>
On my problem system, I reset the Maximum Shadow Copy Storage space setting to 15GB using the command:
vssadmin resize shadowstorage /for=c: /on=c: /maxsize=15GB
Once the operation was complete, I restarted the system, and everything has been running normally since.